Indian Journal Of Science And Technology †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Indian Journal Of Science And Technology? Answer: Inttroducation Passing of ideas from one person to another can be done by the use of an image. Objects and signs have a physical similarity, which is put across by the iconic relationship. The sign, being anything in one way or other, stands for something else in respect to capacity and make meaning. The perpetual resemblance can also be signified by the icons enhancing fast recognition of the objects such as the image of a smiley face which represents a human being (Rajendran and Kumar, 2015). The black image outline of a gorilla and a human-like shape is a distinct representation of a gorilla and a boy. The gorilla seems to be walking together with the kid to an unknown destination. The artist appears to suggest that the gorilla famously known as harambe is a friendly animal and had no ill intentions towards the boy. Cause and its effect comprise the index. A sign as cause and the force for an object, therefore, forming the symbol object relationship (Nack, Scherp and Neuhas, 2014). The indexical sign has a connection to the actual object. An example is a shadow that is directly under your feet is a sign of the sun being directly over your head. The burnt sienna color in the horizon below the image of the soldiers is a phenomenon widely associated with the sunrise. The artist intends to show the rise of a new era where human beings and animals can live nearby and in harmony. For meaning, a signifier is used to symbolize the signified. The signifier and the signified have no resemblance. The signifier can be informed of words, and the signified are objects (Kapitny and Kapitny, 2015). The signifier from the image is the pictures of soldiers used. Harambe is dressed as one of the troops in the photograph. Soldiers are used to symbolizing prestige in a country and can be used to refer to self-discipline. The artist seems to have the intentions of portraying harambe as a form of influence for his country as he was 17 years old which implicated wildlife heritage and people paid to get to the zoo to watch him before he was shot dead by the zookeeper. Construction of meaning from image A Ronald Barthes theory uses denotation and connotation to bring out the relationship between signifier and the signified. A denoted level of meaning is the association of a sign and the literal meaning of words and other phenomena. Sings are associated with the first meaning of words. However, further meanings can also be linked to the sign. The image of a gorilla at the forefront of the soldiers means that the gorilla, being a soldier in the photograph and position at the front is a leader. The image shows that harambe earned a place of honor in his country after his death because his photograph is among those of soldiers signifying fallen soldiers. Connotation Cultural and historical knowledge or experience is the basis of connotative interpretation, and further meanings of words are derived (Ashley, 2015). Personal associations such as ideas are given meaning by being attached to words. The presence of soldiers in the cloud can be given a connotative meaning. Clouds have a spiritual meaning that indicates bad luck. The dark clouds also show a stormy weather. The soldiers whose faces appear in the dark clouds portray a signification of having undergone hardship in the line of their duty for a good course. Harambes head is among the soldiers and indicates dark lack on his part as his intentions towards the young boy were not apparently known to be ill. References Rajendran, V., Kumar, G. B. (2015). Text Processing for Developing Unrestricted Tamil Text to Speech Synthesis System. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(29). Nack, F., Scherp, A., Neuhaus, C. (2014, June). Semiotic Tagging: Enriching the Semantics of Tags for Improved Image Retrieval. In Semantic Computing (ICSC), 2014 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 7-14). IEEE. Ashley, L. (2015). Illuminating cultural terrains in dance: A symbiotic approach to analysis and interpretation. Te Kaharoa, 8(1). Kapitny, , Kapitny, G. (2015). The semiotic dimensions of vertical social (self) classification. Semiotica, 2015(205), 243-260.

The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by HG Wells and the Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler Essay Example

The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by HG Wells and the Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler Paper I have been asked to read two stories from the science fiction genre and discuss and comment on the similarities and differences. The two stories that I have read are; The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by H. G. Wells and The Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler. Both of these stories are of the same genre, but science fiction is difficult to define. In order for me to complete this essay, and compare the two stories to their full extent, I feel that I must comprehend what science fiction means and what makes a good science fiction story. Different writers have their own definitions. I have chosen two, which I believe to express simple but different views. Ray Bradburys definition states; Science fiction is really sociological studies of the future, things that the writer believes are going to happen by putting two and two together. Whereas Bruce H. Franklin said; In fact, one good working definition of science fiction may be the literature which, growing with science and technology, evaluates it and relates it meaningfully to the rest of human existence. Both of these definitions are comprehensive and frequently used, although, we have to recognise that they represent the writers own opinions and are therefore subjective. Although the definitions vary, and are influenced from different sources, they could prove useful in considering the likeness of the stories to the definitions and provide a good framework for assessing them. Studying definitions is not the only way to classify the stories as being good science fiction. We will write a custom essay sample on The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by HG Wells and the Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by HG Wells and the Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by HG Wells and the Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are main elements which all good science fiction stories contain that fit into the science fiction genre. They are set in the future, contain a moral and there are often twists in the plots. Usually the human behaviour is determined by the era in which it was written. By both comparing the stories to the main elements and the definitions I shall be able to consider the factors of each story that provide good science fiction. I feel that to help me with the task set it is necessary to know background information about the authors and the time of their writing. The authors upbringing and way of life before and during novel writing is one very important factor that I have to consider when making comparisons between the stories. It is very clear when reading both, that they have been heavily influenced by previous experiences encountered, as well as their general perception of the world around them. Both writers are also heavily influenced by the era in which they grew up and lived, there are many references to aspects unique to these times, as well as to aspects in which each author is opinionated on. These influences affect the way the stories are written as well as the way the characters behave and the language that is used. The influences are shown in many ways throughout both stories. The Case of the Stolen Bacillus was written by H. G. Wells. He was born in 1866 into the cramped life of Victorian lower middle class of Bromley, Kent. Due to unfortunate circumstances involving his father, at the age of thirteen H. G. Wells was sent to work in a drapers shop. His passion for science grew as he got older and he frequently sneaked off to the library to study. His hard work finally paid off when he won a scholarship to study science at the Imperial College, London. It was during his time here where H. G. Wells became increasingly concerned with social justice and got involved with the Fabian society. This society encouraged Wellss belief in the socialist movement, which sought to bring about a fairer society by planning a gradual system of reforms. The Case of the Stolen Bacillus is set, as well as written, in Victorian England, so consequently the story portrays England in a different way from which we know it today. This way of living provoked many different beliefs and ideas on issues that may seem controversial today. One aspect that Wells put across through his story is that of male dominance. At the time when the story was written and set, males were seen to be superior to the women, and were therefore treated with more respect and authority. The main role of women was seen to be bringing up of children and housekeeping. Wells has included references of this within the story by the way he has portrayed the relationship between Minnie and her husband. This is shown in one particular conversation when Minnie is asked a question by her husband, she politely replies, Nothing, dear, because I remember However, she is interrupted abruptly by her husband, which is a typical example of how much respect husbands and wives had of each other during that era. Present within this period was a definite system of class and position within society, with three main sectors; the lower class, the middle class and the upper class. The lower class categorized the poorest in society, and was the lowest group in the system. Nowadays it is often referred to as the working class which reflects the nature of the people within it, who often worked in industry or were unemployed and lived in the terraced slums around a city. The middle class were seen by the Victorians as a group with a higher position within society. They were given more respect compared with the lower class, however were not as rich as the upper class. The upper class were a group defined for the richest in society that consisted mainly of the local gentry. Throughout Wellss story there are many references to the class system, most expressing subtle stereotypical views. Due to his beliefs as a socialist he did not agree with the class system and these heavily influence the story as his opinions are reflected many times throughout. Wells uses ingenious techniques to put across his opinions skilfully without being too direct. He often uses subtle mocking of characters that display stereotypical behaviour of a certain class. We can tell this from the speeches of the cab driver and the bacteriologist. The cab driver is stereotypically portrayed as a lower class Victorian man who has not been educated very well. This is evident when he says, Thats Arry Ilks. Wots he got? The way Wells writes the cabmans speech implies that all cabmen are of his calibre. Wells therefore suggests that all cab drivers are not well spoken and educated. Another character which Wells stereotypes, is the bacteriologist. Wells portrays him as a middle class man and a typical scientist, he says when talking to the Anarchist, Here is the living thing. This is the cultivation of the actual living disease bacteria. This shows that he is a well-spoken character from a well-educated background. He is portrayed as a typical scientist due to the manner in which he behaves. Wells creates his character to seem rather eccentric and lively, this is shown when he reacts instantly and without thinking, when he finds out that the cholera has been stolen. By stereotyping different classes, it is possible that Wellss intention was not to be making fun of the lower class, but mocking the upper class people for treating others less prominent in society the way they do. The Background regarding the Half Pair is very different from The Case of the Stolen Bacillus, even though they both aim to produce a good piece of science fiction writing. Arthur Bertrum Chandler, born in 1912, wrote the Half Pair. Although born in Aldershot, UK he is usually considered as an Australian author. Over half his life was spent at sea on a British tramp steamer and then finally joined the Union Steam Ship of New Zealand. During these passages at sea, he wrote many of his novels, however he retired in 1975 but continued to write until his death. This piece of science fiction writing was written in 1957, but set many years in the future. There are many references to the 1950s within the story as well as futuristic ideas. This is evident when the wife includes within her speech references to everyday chores relating to the 1950s, such as making dinner, as well as futuristic ideas of space. She says, Since when can I do without gravity even though a centrifugal force in the gallery? Youve ruined dinner. Wells often includes within this story speeches that reflect upon the time of writing as well as including ideas that would have been seen as very futuristic, but not as significant nowadays. Another aspect of this story that has been influenced by the authors way of life is the constant references that are made to his time spent at sea. The main setting for the story is a space ship, which is probably done because the author is used to spending time onboard ships and there are therefore many references in the use of language and descriptions to that of a boat. Although set on a space ship, the story is described with many similarities to that of a boat. References such as the use of the word chandler, which is used when referring to the place where the characters bought their equipment. When you get back to mars demand a survey of all the equipment sold by Sorenson the ship chandler The Half Pair and The Case of the Stolen Bacillus, both fit into the science fiction genre but are completely different in content and ideas. However, there are some similarities such as the elements that make up a science fiction story. One of the noticeable differences between the two stories is the time scale. The Half Pair is written in the 1950s, but set far into the future, whereas The Case of the Stolen Bacillus is set and written in the Victorian era. This proves vital in the type of story that is produced, as different eras had different views on English way of life as many things had changed since the Victorian era. This is shown in the two stories by the way the writers express themselves and include references to daily life i. e. the references to nautical terms in Half Pair and references to class in Stolen Bacillus. During the 1950s there was seen to be more freedom within society, which was less inhibited by the class structure that had nearly been abolished. This is one of the biggest differences between the two stories backgrounds, however there are similarities. Although the class system was comparatively non-existent at the time of Half Pairs writing there are still small references to the belief that men were more prominent than women in society. This is evident in Half Pair by the way the wife is stereotypically portrayed as a housewife. An example occurs as she makes dinner for her husband. Bertrum Chandler has also created some humour in regards to the roles of men and women in society. Both the husband a wife have a conversation which makes light of the small belief that men had a greater position within life, but it also shows how women had gained a lot more respect in society and were not as dominated by their husbands. This is shown in a particular conversation between the husband and wife, where the wife says, Some women are fools enough to trust their husbands. Theyre the ones who havent learned the hard way, the same way I did. The husband replies, Some men are fools enough to kid themselves that their wives have an elementary knowledge of pluming. The writers backgrounds are totally different, and consequently, as I have shown, the stories differ greatly as a result. Another aspect of the stories which is affected due to the writers backgrounds, are the plots. Although from the same genre the plots differ extensively. The Case of the Stolen Bacilluss main plot involves an amateur bacteriologist who receives a visit from an undercover anarchist in Victorian London. The anarchist who is nothing other than a stranger to the bacteriologist pretends to be interested in his work and asks to see ongoing experiments. The naive bacteriologist takes the opportunity to boast about his investigation into the newly discovered disease of cholera. The anarchist (now identified by the bacteriologist) steals the cholera bacteria, with plans to release the cholera bacteria into the cities water supply with the intention of infecting the whole city. This incident provokes a cab chase involving the bacteriologist pursuing the anarchist who unintentionally breaks the tube containing the cholera. Consequently, the anarchist drinks the solution as he sees this as the only resort and proceeds to walk round the streets bumping into people with the hope of them catching and spreading the disease. The outcome of this contains a twist within the plot for the readers as the anarchist turns blue. It is revealed that the solution was not cholera, but a disease that turns monkeys blue. The Half Pair differs completely in regards to the plot and is set in future outer space. Its main plot is created by a pair of cuff links and a couple who live onboard a space ship. The cuff links begin the story by one being lost, this is due to being washed down the sink into the ships disposal system and excreted into outer space. This causes certain unease with the couple who seem to be partial to the pair of cuff links. The man decides that he wants to venture into space to retrieve it, although it becomes evident that it is a two person task. The man has no-one to enter space with because his wife has a phobia of space suits, he therefore goes alone. This results in havoc as he runs out of oxygen and his lifeline snaps. The last part of the story contains a twist, as the reader believes that the man is destined for death as he passes out and begins to float into space, however his wife overcomes her phobia and saves him. The plots of these stories contain many techniques that induce the reader to continue reading. The way the climaxes are built up in each story has a major effect on how dramatic they are. In the Stolen Bacillus the climax is built up gradually, Wells does this in two main sections. He firstly creates and air of expectation for the reader which involves the anticipation of a London catastrophe and what the anarchist could do. The tension slowly rises and builds up to the chase sequence, where the anarchist is trying to escape. The climax is resolved with a twist in the plot that also has an effect as an anticlimax. The Half Pair however, contains a slightly more subtle climax. It is built up around a couple having an argument in a domestic situation; the argument causes the tension to build up gradually until the husband finds himself floating around in space in trouble. It is not as dramatic as the climax in The Stolen Bacillus, but resolves itself with a rather cliched happy ending. Both of the stories climaxes are used to maintain the readers interest and I believe that both are effective as the reader is wondering what is going to happen next in many sections. In the past, at the time of writing, another aspect that would have helped to keep readers attention would have been the way that in both stories the writer has included ideas and objects which the readers could have related to the then present day. Nowadays this could also possibly help the interest levels of the reader as they are finding out a different way of life giving a historical perspective of the story. This applies more so to The Stolen Bacillus, as it is further into the past. Both stories are similar in the fact that they contain twists, where the reader is lead to believe a different outcome up till close to the end where it is dramatically twisted another way round. The twist in the Stolen Bacillus was an anticlimax. I believe this was reasonably effective as it created some tension as a result of the possible damage which the anarchist could have caused. It also added humour, which may or may not have been Wellss intention, but I believe is effective. The twist used in The Half Pair is used to create an ending that lasts in your mind. When you find out that the wife has saved her husband it comes as a surprise, which adds excitement to the story. In both plots the main story line involves items going missing i. e. the bacteria and the cuff links, this is another similarity between the stories. Another aspect that makes the stories similar is how they both contain ideas and technology relevant to the era when it was written. The Case of the Stolen Bacillus was written at a time when the UK was rife with many epidemics such as cholera. These diseases, at the time, were not thoroughly known about, so many scientists would have been investigating and researching them. At the time when Half Pair was written, men in space, and space travel was a new idea that was being discovered. Although this is a similarity it can also be a difference as each story has been influenced by a different time of history. Characters are a major feature in stories and contain a strong link between the plots, and the morals and messages they are preaching. In both stories there is a great similarity in the fact that that they both have couples as the main characters. The Stolen Bacillus however, contains another prominent role played as an anarchist as well as also having minor characters included within it. This differs from The Half Pair, as within this story there are no other characters apart from the couple. Both Wellss story and Chandlers stories were of a short length, which means that the authors had a confined amount of time to create and develop characters. Consequently we see in both stories very strong characters displaying strong personalities. In The Case of the Stolen Bacillus there are three prominent characters, the anarchist, The Bacteriologist and Minnie, his wife. Wells uses many techniques to display these three characters in certain ways to try and create a vivid image for readers. I feel that Wells intended for the anarchist to be portrayed as a villain and he uses dialogue, imagery and atmosphere to show this. Wells describes the anarchist a pale faced man and as having deep grey eyes. This dull imagery gives the impression to the reader that the man is up to no good and it is backed up with the language which he uses to suggest that the anarchist is a baddy. It is particularly evident that Wells is trying to conjure up a bad image for the anarchist when the anarchist says, death mysterious, untraceable death, death swift and terrible, death full of pain and indignity would be released on this city. Although I believe Wells tries to conjure up a picture regarding the anarchist as a villain, I feel that he is more successful in creating a character that appears to be ignorant. Wells probably intentionally does this, as he tries to make fun of anarchism and through mocking the anarchist he can achieve this and express his opinions to the readers. This is shown when he says, These Anarchist rascals, are fools, blind fools to use bombs when this kind of thing is attainable. The Bacteriologist is another prominent character in Stolen Bacillus, however very different in personality. Wells portrays him, very stereotypically, as a boastful amateur scientist who wants to appear to be very intellectual. Wells uses the speeches between characters to portray this, especially in is opening speech when he says, This again, is a preparation of the celebrated Bacillus of Cholera the cholera germ. The reader discovers later on in the story that the scientist was leading the anarchist on, and realises that the bacteria wasnt actually cholera. This shows that the character of the scientist is maybe not so stereotypical as Wells first makes out. Although, Wells does included some very stereotypical behaviour regarding the relationships between The Bacteriologist and his wife, Minnie. As I have said before, Minnie is put across as being a typical Victorian housewife, very trustworthy, proper and correct. She abides completely by her husband and is very loyal to him as well as to the rules of the time. This part of Victorian society is shown by Wells when Minnie is keen to make sure that her husband does not leave the house without his hat and coat, as it was seen to be disrespectful in these times. It is shown using dialogue, by Wells when the wife is shocked about the fact that her husband has left not properly dressed and she says, But running around London in the height of the season, too in his socks! Included in the plot of Stolen Bacillus are other minor characters which all have their significances in some way even though they do not have a large part to play. The cab drivers are an example of this. As I have said earlier Wells stereotypes them and portrays them as lower class, using dialogue to help illustrate this. I have also noticed that Wells does n ot name the bacteriologist or the anarchist, he just labels them or describes them, which is probably done to emphasises their characters. The structure regarding the characters in the Half Pair differs in comparison with The Stolen Bacillus as The Half Pair only contains two characters. These prominent characters however, do have similarities between the main characters in The Stolen Bacillus. Similarly to The Stolen Bacillus, in The Half Pair there is a husband and wife as main characters. In The Half Pair the couple remains nameless, similarly to the Anarchist and the bacteriologist in The Stolen Bacillus, the only prominent character to be given a name in either story was Minnie, the bacteriologists wife. The relationships between the two couples in both stories are similar, however they also differ because of the different time of writing. As I have said earlier, The Stolen Bacillus represents a Victorian relationship between Minnie and her husband, which is rife with the idea of male dominance. I also believe that there are some references to this type of behaviour in The Half Pair even though it is set much later on in time. There are some elements of the behaviour between the couple in The Half Pair that also suggest that the wife is dominated by her husband. This behaviour is certainly not to the same extent as the in The Stolen Bacillus, and we also find that it is actually the husband in The Half Pair who is trying to abide to rules of good manners and not lower his standards when he says, We agreed that we werent going to let ourselves lapse, get sloppy The drinks straight from the bottle and the food straight from the can In comparing the characters in each story I feel that Wells conjures up stronger, more meaningful ones that are rife with personality. One way in which both authors have created and defined characters is by carefully selecting the language and dialogue that they use. The language used in each story is different because of the eras they were written in. The Case of the Stolen Bacillus is harder to read and comprehend, due to the changes in English language, between the Victorian era and present day, although it demonstrates the correct manner of speaking at its time of writing. The Stolen Bacillus frequently uses scientific terminology, to make the story more convincing to the reader. Wells uses relatively simple scientific descriptions such as cholera, as to not make the story to complicated. In Wellss story there were not many futuristic descriptions as it was set at a similar time to writing and was mainly based upon something that hadnt happened yet. Bertrum Chandler also includes scientific terminology in his story, The Half Pair. The content however is more futuristic and complicated. This is because the author is trying to predict the future and to do so needs to include advanced ideas. For example Chandler uses descriptions such as centrifugal force. The dialogue present in each story demonstrates more clearly many of the characters personalities. I feel that throughout both stories the dialogue is convincing although there are some elements which I feel were not as believable. For example I feel that in The Stolen Bacillus Wells might have over exaggerated the relationship between Minnie and The Bacteriologist. He achieved this by including speeches between the couple where Minnie simply agreed with everything her husband said, she often used the phrase yes dear. I feet that this became humorous throughout the story as she behaved completely different around her husband than anyone else. Wells probably expressed her character in this way in order to emphasise the stereotypical Victorian female role she plays. The dialogue in The Half Pair seems to be more like the present way of speaking. This is because the characters tended to speak in a more colloquial fashion, with not much use of complicated words and the sarcasm used is more relevant to todays society. An example of sarcasm is when she says, Anyone would think that youd lost the Crown Jewels There are many different ideas within both stories that contain morals and messages that the authors are trying to put across. In The Case of the Stolen Bacillus there are many interlinked morals, messages and ideas. Wells focuses intently on stereotyping individuals and groups of people of the time. This is done so that the messages which he puts across can be stronger, and also, so that he can subtly mock different people. One idea where Wells used this technique was when he referred to the class system, however he did this less obviously and consequently the message is not as strong. Wells also stereotyped The Bacteriologist as being a typical amateur scientist. His idea is put across in the story so that Wells can warn people about the risks of bacteriological research. Wells probably wants to warn people as he studied science and realises the risks and may be angered by the way amateurs have the responsibilities of investigating bacteria. Another one of the main ideas that Wells expresses in his story is that of Anarchy, and how it doesnt fit in with society. He mocks anarchy, and I believe that he is trying to say that anarchists are not necessarily fighting for a cause, but just trying to get attention. Wells shows this in the story due to the failure of the anarchists plan, and how the anarchist believes he can spread cholera by bumping into people, which seems laughable in todays society and to a certain extent the Victorian society. I feel that this message is effective but it is only towards the end of the story that the reader realises that Wells is subtly trying to mock anarchy. The Half Pair differs from Wellss story, as it only appears to put across one main message. I feel that Chandler uses the pair of cufflinks to illustrate his message, loved ones are more important than trivial things dont take them for granted. Chandlers use of the cufflinks is very ingenious and they link the message to the story. The cufflinks at the beginning the play are seen as very important to the man, however towards the end, when his life is a risk, the cufflinks become rather insignificant. Chandler ends the story in a very ingenious way, as the message is only revealed to the reader at the very end of the story when the wife says, I do so hate a half pair of anything and I dont mean only cufflinks! This last line of the story is also clever, as it links it together with the first line of the play, and gives the whole story and the message some significance. Another smaller message which I believe Chandler may be putting across is that people will always have the same sorts of problems thoughts and feelings, no matter what the day and age. Overall I believe that Chandler is trying to say that however much our world changes in the future, relationships and love will still be of upmost importance, and no matter what, couples will still have to overcome mundane problems even with a technologically advanced world around them. I believe that both stories are effective in putting across messages, however Wells includes more, and preaches them more subtly. In The Stolen Bacillus, the messages are there, but you have to look for them. The Half Pair messages tended to be simpler and easier to understand, but this is probably due to myself, the reader finding the story easier to comprehend as they relate to modern day more so than in The Stolen Bacillus. Although in todays society The Half Pair is easier to relate to, I feel that both of the stories relate their messages and content to the societies in which they were written. In comparing the two stories I have found many differences and similarities, however I now have to consider whether each of them are examples of good science fiction. I stated at the beginning of this essay, some definitions of science fiction and elements which writing of the science fiction genre should have. I have looked at each story against the definitions and elements of science fiction, and have seen how they have corresponded. I feel that both stories fit into the science fiction genre and they both contain most of the elements which a good piece of sci-fi writing does. The Case of The Stolen Bacillus contains a moral and a twist but it is not set in the future, however it does contain futuristic ideas. The Half Pair appears to contain all of the elements which I mentioned at the beginning of this essay, however I dont believe that they have been expressed as well as in Wellss story. Each story also tries to put meaningful messages across to a reader of the time of writing, although I believe that these messages are still applicable in society today. The twists in both stories are reasonably effective. I found that in The Case of the Stolen Bacillus the twist was not as well written, and therefore not as effective. Although each story differs in how well they correspond to the element of science fiction, a factor that suggests that both of these pieces are good science fiction writing is that they correlate strongly to the definitions given by Ray Bradbury and Bruce H. Franklin.

The eNotes Blog How to Survive Math Class When All You Do isEnglish

How to Survive Math Class When All You Do isEnglish Do you avoid mathematics and sciences like the plague? Maybe you’re not particularly bad at math and science; you just would much rather be studying literature (which is completely understandable). The reality is that at some point during your educational pursuits, you’re going to have to cross over to the dark side of numbers and fact memorization. Here are some tips on how to survive a math or science class when all you want to do is English. Try looking at math and science as a foundation to better understand literature. It can be hard finding the motivation to study subjects in which you have no immediate interest. You might be asking yourself what in the world you’re going to use mitosis for in your English major. Well, remember that fiction, non-fiction, poems, comic books- all literature, really- is based on reality. Even the most imaginative of books have references to the real world. Increasing your understanding of how the world works through different disciplines will help you better understand literature as a culmination of these disciplines. It can also clarify the allusions made to science and math made in literary texts. And if you’re a writer, increasing your bank of knowledge can always stimulate inspiration! Don’t be afraid to ask for help! Sometimes it may not seem like it, but teachers are really there to help! If you’re feeling behind because you have been avoiding math class for two years and you forget fundamental formulas necessary for success, set up a meeting with your professor after class or drop in during office hours! Not only will this one-on-one time help your understanding, it will also show initiative. If your schedule doesn’t match up with your teacher’s availability, ask a counselor about free tutoring options on campus. When studying: write, write, write, and†¦ rewrite. A^2+B^2=C can easily lose its meaning if you repetitively write it without understanding its meaning. If you’re a kinesthetic learner or just generally grab on to words more than equations, write out what you’re doing to sharpen your understanding. Make notes in the margins of your workbook explaining in your own words exactly what each letter represents and what the formula is trying to achieve. When studying for a science class, write and rewrite your original class notes using full sentences and words that you hadn’t originally used. Draw out maps and diagrams to help conceptualize how different scientific phenomena feed into each other. Whatever you do, don’t stop writing. And if you feel like you’re going to explode memorizing the same facts and equations, take a study break and READ A BOOK!

Style, Graphics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Style, Graphics - Essay Example Clarity is thus important because it would help in bringing once audience to a uniform understanding; this is especially if there are those with a brief glimpse of what one is talking about. Clarity will enable both the ignorant and the enlightened individuals about the topic to be at par with each other. Achieving clarity in one’s communication is as easy as providing illustrations. It is also important to use definite descriptive words other than the vague words. It is also important to use understandable words that one’s audience can understand. Other than using jargons, it is important to use plain words that can be understood by everybody not unless one’s audience is people of the same understanding and backgrounds. For instance, Nicole is hired to be communication experts for a company, it is important for her to understand the diversity of the targeted customers and the language to use when communicating to them. This is the best way that she can make the people or the targeted customers identify with the company. In developing the proposal, she must elevate her language to express the sentiments of the organization to the professional understanding of the people who will review the proposal and even those to whom the proposal is intended. The communicator should also seek to simplify some words for easy understanding and consciousness. When writing, it is also important to shorten sentences, as longer sentences may be difficult to read and understand. In lengthy sentences, one is also bound to make mistakes. Longer sentences often give different meanings most of the time (Sellnow, 56). The reader may therefore derive different meaning from what was originally intended. It is also important to avoid the use of many propositions. Propositions can potentially make a sentence to be redundant with barely any meaningful communication. After writing the work, it is important to proof read once work to avoid any mistake that may arise.

Class student dicussions answers week 2 Assignment

Class student dicussions answers week 2 - Assignment Example The concept of group thinking is not reflected on how the student argues that the government is not fully addressing the fire arm possession issue. It is important to understand a statement or question before responding to it in order to accurately answer it without diverging to issues out of topic. In explaining how the â€Å"you attitude† and the company’s credibility would be used in communicating the change from animal testing, Fedline hits the nail on the head by acknowledging that the company values concerns by its customers. This shows that the company has employed the â€Å"you attitude† in putting first the customers as most valuable stakeholders in the company. The communication is very efficient since it is concluded by an encouragement to the customers to continue airing their views and providing feedback to the company. The second response to this concern by customers is also on point. The student makes it appear as if the company itself had similar plans. The student goes ahead to say that he would highlight on the new methods that the company would use without compromising on the quality of its products. This leads to an increased customer confidence in products. Communication via letters is also personal and direct. It is an effective way of responding to customer opinions since they are more likely to feel valued by the company. Joelena identifies a jargon in the article titled "Obama to Congress: 'We Are Not a Deadbeat Nation' ". The word â€Å"Deadbeat† is popularly used in North America and describes a person who is not in a position to pay a debt or meet his/her financial obligations. The word is effectively used if the target audience are Americans but ineffective to international reader who may not understand the word. Joelena has however not provided examples of an epithet nor a euphemism as required. The student proceeds to answer to the second question by showing how respect calls for a change in dialect as she talks to her spouse, children, friends and even strangers. The examples provided are effective and meaningful. Saraswathi begins answering the question by describing the meaning of an epithet, a euphemism and jargons before providing short but accurate examples of each. This answers the first part of the question in few words which are quite appropriate. The student however does not describe any situation which necessitates code switching in his daily encounters. Before deploying Windows 7 in an enterprise network environment, Anna believes that compatibility of existing software application and ability of employees in the organization to use the new system are important factors which must be considered. If this are not carefully considered, an enterprise might need to forego use of certain application which may be crucial in operation of day to day activities of an organization. Incompatible applications should be upgraded or changed in preparation to deploying Windows 7 in an enterprise network environment. Staff should be trained on how to use the new system. If they are not, productivity is set to drastically reduce. In response to the statement requiring a step which one would take on a reference computer and another on a technician computer when creating a custom image, Anna and Michael use technical terms to comprehensively address the issue at hand. The two

Southern Blacks in North America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Southern Blacks in North America - Essay Example This trend of industrialization threw up a complementary demand for hard workers. The Blacks have always been known for their hard working capacity as well as sheer physical strength. They began migrating towards North America, which had abolished slavery since the 19th century. (Palmer, 2005)This migration also gave them a chance to do what they really excelled at and earn a decent living while doing so. The industrial cities and their dwellers found a new sense of sympathy for and affinity towards these Blacks. There was a slow and steady movement towards respect in the attitudes that revolved around the way these people were subsequently treated. (Palmer, 2005) The industrial cities of North America needed due to the urbanization and its fast growing consequences. As a result of this urbanization, a number of new industries were set up with a growing demand for new kinds of products and services. Meanwhile, the traditional industries enjoyed a facelift by way of expansion and modernization of operations. This urbanization led to an influx of Blacks into the North. This led to a more even distribution as far demographics and population categories were concerned. Further, the corporate - capitalist trends helped the southern Blacks deviate from the traditional income generating activities like agriculture. (Palmer, 2005) In doing so, the Southern Blacks found a new lease of life. They learnt new things everyday and became the throbbing center of the industrial output of these Northern cities. The positioning of these Blacks at the very center of production activities helped them command terms that would appeal to them and elevate their lifestyles. The Black children received education and their parents, better training to further their prospects. In this, there was a sense of pride that awakened in their hearts. They were suddenly at par with their white counterparts and what was more; they were being offered the chance to build their lives. (Palmer, 2005)Through this integration of personal goals with the ones set by the organizations where they served, the Blacks endeavored to build the industries and form cities that became synonymous with modern urban centers the world over. There was also a new breed of Southern that came to hold white collar positions and occupy positions of power and respect. These factors helped the Southern Blacks in taking pride in the Northern industrial cities that had literally given them a new lease of life. They began to symbolize the growing face of American multi culturalism and freedom. (Parrillo, 2002) These sentiments were comparable only with the aggressively nationalist Mexicans. The Mexican love for the homeland is almost legendry. Having acquired a whole new state for themselves in the form of Mexico, these people guard their traditions fiercely irrespective of any part of the world they may be in. Further, they take immense pride in their language and culture as well as food habits. (Meier, 1994) The Mexicans have managed to fill the gap that was created during the first and second world wars, with unskilled labor in the American industrial market, yet their core has remained essentially Mexican. (Parrillo, 2002) The Southern Black experience shows that these people have great pride in where they come from and even

Company On Cadbury

Company On Cadbury As a result of our report, we have come to discover that there are various forces that affect the environment that is Cadbury and Freddo Frog, including political, economical, socio-cultural, technological and legal. We have also discovered that there are many levels of competition which include generic competition, product competition and brand competition, as well as the situational and group influences and individual characteristics of consumers. Various market segmentation approaches were explored, and involved demographic, psychographic and behavioural market segmentation. The ways in which the brand is perceived and positioned was also explored and identified, and were illustrated through the creation of a perceptual and positioning map. Our report also explored the communication tools that were used within Cadbury for its Freddo Frog product, and evaluated the effectiveness of campaigns in reaching the consumers and communicating with the public. 2.1 Introduction: Cadbury is a multi-national corporation, which produces essentially chocolate and confectionary products and operates in more than 60 countries.(Callus Cutler). According to IBISWorld, Krafts Cadbury products have majority of confectionary market share of 49% (2010), which makes it an interesting company to study. With specific attention to the tween market of children aged 6-13 years old, Cadburys Freddo was developed and has been a great success as a childrens chocolate due to its popular brand identity, taste, and initiatives such as fundraising, interactive computer gaming and the fact that it is packaged as an appealing product. Cadburys popular brand identity and market share has such an impact on the Australian chocolate industry making the Cadbury Freddo an interesting topic to study. Part A will discuss the Cadbury brand environment and its impact on marketing initiatives for the product Freddo. That, political factors, economical forces, socio-cultural factors and legal factors all play a significant role on marketing Freddo. Part B will observe the generic, product and brand levels of competition that Cadbury has been involved in; the situational, group and individual factors that influence the consumption of the brand; and, the demographic, psychographic and behavioural characteristics of the Freddo product tween target market. This section will observe why people purchase Freddo, brand identity, the role of packaging and the changing demographics of Australian lifestyle to healthy eating choices. Part C examine how Cadbury wants its product Freddo and its associated brand perceived by its target market and how the target market perceive Freddo and Cadbury. This will include the positioning statement that: Cadbury Freddo is aimed at ‘pre-teen children and their parents who only want to spend a couple of dollars on a small chocolate as an inexpensive treat or reward for good behaviour (Cadbury 2011). This section will show positioning and perception maps for the Freddo target market. Part D will explain the various tools that Cadbury has used to communicate its desired position to its tween market and will describe a communication campaign with specific reference to this market. This report will observe, as Cadburys Australia and New Zealand Managing Director, Mark Callaghan recognises, that Cadbury has been a big part of Aussies lives for almost 90 years, and underpinning this relationship has been the unbeatable taste of our chocolate and the affinity people feel for our brands† (Ellis 2010). 3.1 Part AKaitlin Ramsay (3863803) Cadbury is a multi-national corporation that operates in more than 60 countries, and employ over 46,000 people (Callus Cutler, 2010) As such an internationally renowned and utilised company, Cadbury is thus subject to many major forces within the business environment that affect and impact upon their marketing initiatives. These forces political, economic, socio-cultural, technological and legal forces. The political factors that can affect an organisation and its initiatives are the laws and regulations that the Government can impose, as well as the political stability of a nation, or indeed, the world. (Elliot et al, 2010, pg. 48) In the case of Cadbury, forces that have affected its environment include the Childrens Television Standards 2009. This meant for Cadbury that there were now advertising restrictions in place that negated them from being able to advertise their product, in any way that may mislead or deceive children, and must be perfectly clear and understandable for a typical child (Australian Government, 2010). This means that Cadbury and their marketing initiatives of Freddo Frog must adhere to these restrictions, and be careful about that way they promote their product to children. In promoting Freddo Frogs to children, they must also not promote HFSS (High fat, salt and sugar)(Hackford, 2010). Consequently Cadbury has to focus on sensible and appropriate ways to market Freddo Frogs to kids, that doesnt infringe upon these impositions. On the other hand, parents can now be more comfortable about the fact that their children are less likely to be targeted in deceptive marketing tactics that encourage kids to consume unhealthy products. This initiative is also helping to contribute to creating a healthier lifestyle for all Australians. The Economical forces impacting upon the environment of Cadbury and its product, Freddo Frog, include interest rates, income levels, levels of inflation and the level of unemployment (Elliot et al, 2010, pg. 49) One of the foremost impacts upon all companies throughout the world was the Global Financial Crisis. This caused an increase in interest rates, a rise in inflation, high unemployment and a lower income.An increase in interest rates may lead to an increase in prices for consumers; which in turn can negatively affect sales, as people during times of financial difficulty, may be reluctant to spend more money. A rise in interest rates may also cause a change in demand for products—which in this case, would mean a decrease in demand. It also means less capital for Cadbury—which may lead to the possible retrenchment of workers due to the inability of Cadbury to support a high number of employees. The impact of these economical forces mean Cadbury needs to focus on effectively utilising their resources during times of financial obscurity. This may mean spending less money on marketing, and more on other areas of production, as there is less capital to spread around to all areas of the company. Cadbury may be more productive and efficient in these times as they are forced to consume their resources in a cost-efficient manner. An interesting fact is that although people are less likely to buy luxury goods during times of hardship, Cadburys sales increased by 2% in 2009 during the GFC, as people bought chocolate as a source of comfort food (Despuez, 2009). Looked at from this perspective, it can be concluded that Cadbury may not have to be as concerned as one would think when people are financially inadequate, as chocolate becomes a popular product during such times. The Socio-Cultural factors that affect Cadbury and its Freddo Frog include the culture, values, attitudes, beliefs and trends of the public (Elliot et al, 2010, pg. 50). In todays society, there is an increasing trend towards video games and similar technology for younger people, as well as gravitation towards initiatives that are â€Å"green† or considered ethically responsible. In addition there is an ever-increasing importance placed on the social aspect of schooling—in terms of acquiring the latest trends in order to â€Å"fit in† with the other kids, whether this is with clothing, books, toys, food and drinks. These forces that affect the youth today mean Cadbury must integrate and take into account such factors when establishing their marketing initiatives. As a result of the increasing use of technology and computers amongst young people, which is now a generational characteristic, Cadbury introduced the Internet game â€Å"The Adventures of Freddo Frog†(2010). The exciting and interactive nature of the game enticed younger people to partake in the game, and has made the product increasingly popular for young people. Modern society values the idea of contributing to a cause or initiative that helps achieve something positive. People also like the idea of being associated with something that is ethically responsible, and Cadbury has achieved this through their Fairtrade Scheme â€Å"Which seeks to address the imbalance of power in trading relationships, unstable markets and the injustices of conventional trade(Cadbury, 2010) The fact that Cadbury is so invested in their Fairtrade scheme creates a positive image for them and all of their products, including Freddo Frog. There is an element of trust that Parents value and respect, and thus are more likely to buy Cadbury products for their children, due to their belief in the brand and its ethics. The social aspect of schools also impacts upon the nature of marketing initiatives of Cadbury and their products like Freddo Frogs. The fact that a child may be considered â€Å"cool† if they are associated with a chocolate that has its own representative game (The Adventures of Freddo Frog) means social factors are important for Cadbury. Cadburys success in the creation of the game is a result of their marketing initiative in the form of Internet gaming for kids. On the other hand, the fact that importance is placed on what kids bring to school is not exactly a healthy lesson to learn for kids, and the idea that food choices is incorporated into this is also not ideal, as kids may consume more than is necessary to achieve the desired social outcome. The technological forces that may affect the company environment include whether the technology can be used for innovation, whether distribution or communication can be improved using technology, the accelerating use of technology and the better standard of quality of products due to technology (Elliot et al, 2010, pg. 50). Technology is what has allowed for the creation of the online games, and is essentially the innovative tool used to create more interaction between children and the Cadbury Freddo Frog brand. The communication improvement between children and Freddo frog is essentially due to the improvement in technology over the years (Cadbury History, 2009). Not only has the increase in computer technology been ideal for Cadbury, but also production technology, as it has allowed for considerable growth and success for Cadbury and thus, Freddo Frog. The improvement in technology has allowed Cadbury with its Freddo Frog to compete again with Kinder Surprise. For a time, Kinder was dominating the market for childrens chocolates, as the toy inside the chocolate was very popular amongst kids. The introduction of the online Freddo Frog game however, allowed Cadbury to take back its reign as the top confectionary company. The fun and interactive nature of the game is contributed to making the product so popular. The ever increasing use of technology by Generation z (otherwise known as Generation @) means that Cadbury are reaching their target market in the most ideal and popular way. And the more and more children that use the Internet, the larger the chances are they will come across the Freddo Frog Adventure Game, and the likelihood of their buying the product (or their parents for them) increases. Although, on the other hand, kids are now spending more time in the virtual world of computer games, interacting with characters that dont exist, instead of being outside playing games and interacting with real people. Legal forces are a facet of the business environment that always has a large impact upon companies, as they essentially govern and direct the actions of a company, with laws and regulations (Elliot et al, 2010, pg. 51). These come from industry bodies such as the Advertising Standards Bureau and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC). Companies, including Cadbury, must comply with laws and regulations such as the Fair Trading Act 1987 (NSW), the Competition and Consumer Act 2010, and the (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999. These Acts essentially ensure that Cadbury acts in a fair manner, in relation to trade, production, workplace environment, employee treatment, taxes etc. As well as ensuring they comply with industry regulations to not deceive or mislead, or have the intention to deceive or mislead consumers, or behave in a way that does not adhere to any standards set by these regulatory bodies. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2011) is responsible for dealing with matters in relation to competition, as well as the enforcement of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010. They are concerned with different areas including dealing with customers, dealing with other businesses, the running of the business in question, industry codes of conduct and professions competition. The ASB deals with issues including â€Å"use of language, the discriminatory portrayal of people, concern for children, portrayal of violence, sex, sexuality and nudity, and health and safety.† (NSW Government) There are more Commissions and Boards such as these that businesses have to be concerned about, although these are the most important and recognized. As such Cadbury has to market its product, Freddo Frog, and conduct business surrounding this product, in such a way that it does not mislead or deceive (neither parents/adults nor children), does not falsely misrepresent the product, and does not infringe upon any of the other aforementioned criteria for business conduct in relation to the Trade Practices Act, or the Fair Trading Act (ACCC, 2011). This will impact upon Freddo Frog, as they will be a legally responsible and trustworthy company, that can be relied upon by both consumers, suppliers etc. to produce a product that markets itself using only the approved methods. If a company is legally sound, they are generally thought to be an ethically/socially responsible entity as well. 3.2 References: Australian Government, 2010, Advertising to Children, accessed 26/4/11, http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_91814 Australian Competition Consumer Commission 2011, For Consumers, accessed 28/4/11, http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/815215 Australian Competition Consumer Commission 2011, For Businesses, accessed 30/4/11, http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/815214 Callus, A, Cutler, D, 2010, Fact box: Cadbury vital statistics and history, accessed 26/4/11 http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/19/us-cadbury-factbox-idUSTRE60I1Jh30100119 Elliot, G, Rundle-Thiele, S Waller,D 2010, Marketing, John Wiley Sons Australia Ltd, Milton Queensland Cadbury 2011, Fairtrade Certified Cadbury Dairy Milk hits Australian shelves, accessed 27/4/11, http://www.cadbury.com.au/About-Cadbury/Fairtrade.aspx Cadbury History n.d., accessed 28/4/11, http://www.bizaims.com/coffee%20break/curiosities%20events%20funny/cadbury%20history Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cwlth) Despuez, N 2009, More People Buy Chocolate Amid Recession, Cadbury Sales Up, accessed 27/4/11, http://www.startupbizhub.com/more-people-buy-chocolate-amid-recession-cadbury-sales-up.htm Fair Trading Act 1987 (NSW) Hackford, C 2010, Sugar and Spice and All Things Nice: Advertising to Children, accessed 26/4/11, http://www.advertisingcompliancelaw.com/articles/hfss-foods/ NSW Government 2010, Fair Trading-Advertising, accessed 30/4/11, http://www.fairtrading.nsw.gov.au/Businesses/Advertising_and_marketing/Advertising.html 2010, The Adventures of Freddo and the Time Machine, accessed 27/4/11, http://www.freddo.com.au/ 4.1 Part B Madelin Robertson (3665926) Through effective marketing, Cadbury needs to make sure that they provide their target market with greater value then their opponents on different levels of competition. Cadbury works on the ‘Generic competition level by identifying that its consumers have alternative ways to meet their product needs and that this same want or need can be satisfied by substitution with quite different products (Elliot, G, et al, 2010, p.46). Today the market is highly competitive and companies are now competing against other segments of the marketplace with products such as snack foods, cakes, cereal and biscuits (IBISWorld 2010). These products are sometimes obtained at a cheaper price or offer more value for money. Cadbury aims to avoid generic competition by effective marketing of Cadbury chocolate and Freddo products to give them a prestigous and trusted image that is reasonably priced. Cadbury promote that the taste of its chocolate is superior to other common chocolate brands, that it is more enjoyable to eat compared to items such as biscuits, and that its price is similar if not reasonably priced compared to other confectionary and sweet products. ‘Product competition describes products that are broadly similar but have different benefits, features and prices that distinguish them from competing products (Elliot, G, et al, 2010, p.46). Cadbury chocolate and Freddo compete with a wide variety of confectionary products and children confectionary products in the Australian confectionary industry. Many of these products are chocolate or sweet based so they vary in flavour and product type. Some examples of products which Cadbury compete against are: Jelly lollies, hard boiled sweets, chocolate products, fine chocolate products which could all satisfy a consumer in the confectionary industry. According to IBISWorld in the confectionary industry Krafts Cadbury products have majority of confectionary market share of 49.1% (2010). Like other confectionary brands, Cadbury need to be innovative and differentiate their products, keep prices low and maintain their popular brand image to sustain consumer consumption through changing consumer tastes and dietary trends, for example, a price rise in chocolate may persuade consumers to switch to sugar-based confectionary instead (IBISWorld 2010). Cadbury contends with ‘Brand competition where many of its products are similar to other chocolate brands that offer the same benefits, features and price to the same target market. Childrens chocolate products such as Ferreros Kindersuprise, Mars Mars bar, MMs, and Nestle Smarties all target the pre-teen chocolate market in Australia. To emphasise brand image and acquire market share Cadbury works with initiatives such as supporting and sponsoring community events, fundraising initiatives and sporting groups, where Cadbury products are promoted and recognised within different communities and age groups (Cadbury 2011). Online, Cadburys Freddo interactive computer game, which children can play, helps to create demand for the product and give it a fun and prestige pre-teen confectionary brand identity over its competit ors (Cadbury 2011). Cadburys Australia and New Zealand Managing Director, Mark Callaghan recognises that Cadbury has been a big part of Aussies lives for almost 90 years, and underpinning this relationship has been the unbeatable taste of our chocolate and the affinity people feel for our brands† (Ellis 2010). Cadbury also uses individual branding of its products to give them their own identity and position in the marketplace, to reach its market segments, and to avoid confusion with other product brands. Situational influences are the circumstances a consumer finds his or herself in when making purchasing decisions. According to Elliot, principal situational influences may be classified as: physical: the characteristics of the location in which the purchase decision is made; social: the interactions with others at the time the purchase decision is made; time: the time available for a purchase decision; motivational: the reasons for the purchase; and mood: the mood of a person at the time of the purchase decision (et al, 2010, p.104). Confectionary items usually constitute an impulse purchase that is unplanned or spontaneous. The strategic presence of chocolate and confectionary in stores such as at the grocery store checkout or a vending machine signify purchases that may not have been considered or planned (IBISWorld 2010). Due to the nature of impulse buys, customers will not pay high prices for the items they did not originally intend to purchase so products such as Cadbury Freddo is relatively cheap retailing at around $1. In the current economic climate, high retail prices for children items such as toys may lead parents to buy cheaper items such as Freddo (IBISWorld 2010). When buying chocolate for children it is usually purchased as a reward for good behaviour or celebration. A retail outlet must have pleasant surroundings and be strategically placed to influence consumption. Group influences â€Å"comprise social factors (the influence of other people) and cultural factors (the influence of the values, beliefs and customs of the persons community)† (Elliot et al, 2010, p.106). The culture, subculture and social class of a group of people greatly influence buying behaviour. Increasing technology and production techniques, marketing techniques (such as interactive computer games) and environmentally friendly packaging, play a role in consumption of products and Freddo (Cadbury 2011). Cadbury has recognised the difference in generation gaps and has moved to consider this. Freddo uses modern pictures, symbols colour, packaging and a fun and happy image of Freddo to create consumer interest and to target its younger market. Cadbury promote its products as a friendly brand that is associated with family whilst being widely recognised and trusted. Freddo is also reasonably priced available to majority of the population. Many children and parents learn fr om others that Cadbury is a respected chocolate brand and identity that families enjoy and often pass this knowledge directly onto others, or indirectly by others observing use of the product. Individual factors relate to personal characteristics such as demographic factors, lifestyle and personality, and individual psychological characteristics such as motivation, perception, beliefs and attitudes and learning (Elliot et al, 2010, p.118). Individual motives such as hunger, to satisfy self with something sweet, or a treat for celebration are seen with the purchase of Freddo, however purchase of the product has been identified to impulse purchase (IBISWorld 2010). Cadbury aim to work on an individuals perception by shelving space (usually low or at eye sight where it is easy to see and reach) and packaging which shows bright and colourful tones, stylistic cartoon image of Freddo (which relates to children), legible writing, and the purple trademark colour of Cadbury which is widely acknowledged and brings consumer awareness. Cadbury ads reflect that its chocolate simply tastes good and uses this as a key element to marketing their product. The fact that Cadbury Freddo comes in a variety of flavours (strawberry, peppermint, dairy milk, top deck, white chocolate, rice crisp and caramello koala) also targets individual wants and taste and therefore targeting a wide range of people (Cadbury 2011). Although many people carry the belief that chocolate is not a healthy lifestyle choice, the new portion sizing and Freddo sizing is a well thought approach for children in todays lifestyle. The demographic segmentation of the target market is based on demographic variables related to the vital and social characteristics of populations such as age, education and income (Elliot et al, 2010, p.177). Cadbury Freddo are focused on the tween market segment (children aged 6-13) Generation Z and the parents of this generation, Generation X, for product consumption. Generation Z, the digital and technologic generation, present an age where children are typically focused on the internet, video games, social networking and mobile phones, hence earning the title digital natives (Elliot et al, 2010, p.177). The parents of Generation Z, Generation X, are also included in the target marketing of Freddo as these individuals are usually the ones who purchase the product. The economic climate of the Global Recession saw a dramatic fall in spending as unemployment grew, however consumption of chocolate and confectionary sustained according to IBISWorld as â€Å"consumers choose to indulg e themselves in inexpensive, ‘feel good luxuries such as candy and chocolate, in an attempt to ease more pressing concerns such as mortgage or loan repayments† (2010). The changing demographic of the average Australian household due to an ageing population and regulatory constraints are which are increasing in relation to product labelling, food safety and advertising may also put pressure on manufacturers. Psychographic segmentation is based on the psychographic variables of lifestyle, motives and personality attributes (Elliot et al, 2010, p.178). Increasing health awareness and lifestyle factors today majorly influence consumer consumption, as many people are aware that ‘junk foods are contributing to the increasing obesity rate in Australia and around the world. People are aware of the health risks and problems for themselves and their children and so aim to promote a healthy lifestyle through a balanced diet, exercise and health education. Because of the awareness between obesity and heart disease, and concerns about dental health, parents are less likely to buy chocolate products for their children, instead resorting to healthier food options or smaller portions (IBISWorld 2010). The growing popularity of low-fat diets are having an adverse effect on chocolate sales, whilst the opposite is happening for confectionary promoted on a healthy platform such as sugarless candy and gum and healthy substitute products such as snacks, cereals, nuts, yoghurt and fruit have seen a rise in demand (IBISWorld 2010). Organic products and dark chocolate are seen as a healthier option due to antioxidant content. The ethical consumer has influenced the shift towards sustainable methods of production with an emphasis on fair and equitable trading conditions and preferring fair trade chocolate brands. The behavioural market segmentation is based on actual purchase and/or consumption behaviours towards particular products and their variables, which include benefit expectations, brand loyalty, occasion, price sensitivity and volume usage (Elliot et al, 2010, p.181). As well as being the leading chocolate brand, Cadbury has been rated the most popular grocery brand of Australians in the Nielsens Company Top 100 Brands report (Ellis 2010). Many Australians are loyal to Cadbury products as they are a trusted brand with a popular identity. Parents know they can trust the quality of Cadbury products and that it will meet with their expectations. Typically parents with tweens, and tweens themselves are at the end of the purchase volume for Cadbury Freddo products (Cadbury 2011). It is a cheaper option then more expensive brands such as Lindt or Fererro products. The seasons, time of day and the scheduling of special events such as Easter, birthdays, and Christmas, influence confectionary consumption. Chocolate sales tend to be higher in cooler months (IBISWorld 2010). 4.2) References Cadbury Fundraiser accessed 04/05/11, http://www.fundraising.com.au/. Cadbury 2011, accessed 04/05/11, http://www.cadbury.com.au/. Freddo, accessed 20/04/11, http://www.cadbury.com.au/Products/Pre-teens-Confectionery/Freddo.aspx. Elliot, G, Rundle-Thiele, S Waller, D 2010, Marketing, John Wiley and Sons, Australia. Ellis, D 2010, Cadbury Named Australias Most Popular Grocery Brand, accessed 25/04/11, http://www.cadbury.com.au/About-Cadbury/News.aspx?newsID=133. IBISWorld Chocolate and confectionary manufacturing in Australia 2010, accessed 0 3/05/11, http://www.ibisworld.com.au/industryau/ataglance.aspx?indid=110. The nations favourite chocolate: Now Fairtrade Certified and on shelf throughout Australia, accessed 25/04/11, http://www.cadbury.com.au/About-Cadbury/News.aspx?newsID=134. Working together to make a difference in the community accessed 20/04/11, http://www.cadbury.com.au/Cadbury-Community.aspx. 5.1) Part C Tamara Nicol (4067137) In order for a product to be bought and ultimately perceived, evaluated and repurchased by the customer the business must first position the product so it is made available to the target market. Positioning involves how the brands name, logo, slogan and design are used to create a perceptual image of the product in the consumers mind. The product must be positioned so that customers who need, want and demand the product can have access to it and hopefully purchase it. Positioning is a very important element of target marketing as it decides how the customers will perceive the product and it requires a close understanding of the product, market and competitors. Positioning will determine whether the customers purchase the product, enjoy the product, if it meets expectations and whether they have a good experience with the product and plan of making a repurchase (Elliot et al, 2010). Perception is an outcome of the positioning. It is a psychological response to diverse stimuli. It includes the persons sensory experience, that is, smell, taste, touch, sight and hearing (Elliot et al, 2010). The consumers perception of the Cadbury Freddo would involve a variety of senses. People will evaluate this product on the grounds of, most importantly, taste but also smell and looks, if the packaging and actual product is aesthetically pleasing. Cadburys official website has the Freddo Frog filed under â€Å"Pre-Teen Confectionery† as the product is aimed at younger children, the product must be positioned towards the children as well as the parents or care givers who will most likely buy the product or give the child permission to buy it themselves (Cadbury, 2011). Cadbury implements positioning strategies in order to influence the consumers perception of the Freddo Frog. The Freddo Frog is sold in many stores country wide including supermarkets, petrol stations and corner stores (Observation). By doing the Cadbury positions the product as accessible and popular. Cadbury would like the Freddo to be perceived as at treat but also something that can be enjoyed frequently for a low cost. As a Freddo review states, â€Å"There are two reasons for cheapness; Number One so that children can afford to buy said treat with their pocket money and Number Two so that when children are harassing their mothers for sweets in the supermarket they can hold up the product and their mothers will give in because it is so cheap. Cadbury has such a product in the form of the Freddo.† (Ciao, 2004) Cadbury wishes for the Freddo Frog to be seen as a snack or treat that encourages children to buy it or pester their parents to buy it for them. As unhealthy products aimed at younger children